Finder's Guide: A

Zorrilla, 1838.

Cornejo

Parodi : "Supuesta pieza dramática breve que contendría algunos versos del Molinero y habría seguido representándose hasta 1972. La sintaxis, el léxico y la prosodia del título estimulan una asociación con la leyenda A buen juez mejor testigo. Tradición de Toledo (1838), poema del dramaturgo y poeta romántico español José Zorrilla (1817−1893)" (442).

Essay by English writer and caricaturist Max Beerbohm (1872-1956) first published in 1894 in the journal The Yellow Book and later included in The Works of Max Beerbohm (1896)

Ensayo del escritor y caricaturista inglés Max Beerbohm (1872-1956) publicado por primera vez en 1894 en el diario The Yellow Book y luego incluído en The Works of Max Beerbohm (1896)

Bustos Domecq

Parodi : "' Vanitas, Los Adelantos del Progreso, La Patria Azul y Blanca, A Ella, Nocturnos' : títulos de algunas composiciones de Bustos Domecq supuestamente publicadas en diarios de Rosario en 1907, cuando apenas tenía catorce años. El empleo del término ‘composiciones’, que en el ámbito escolar designa un escrito en que el alumno desarrolla un tema en general elegido por el maestro, insinúa que estas obras de Bustos son redacciones escolares, muy probablemente realizadas bajo la dirección de la señorita Badoglio" (16).

Zorrilla, 1888.

poem by Rubén Darío, published in El canto errante, 1907

poema de Rubén Darío, publicado en El canto errante, 1907

Lenormand play, 1924

obra de Lenormand, 1924

Góngora poem

poema de Góngora

Quevedo sonnet 
soneto de Quevedo

line from a children's song about a pirate

línea de una canción infantil acerca de un pirata

Zorrilla, 1837.

Proust novel, 1913-1927

novela de Proust, 1913-1927

Hölderlin poem 
poema de Hölderlin

Lugones poem in Odas seculares, 1910 
poema de Lugones en Odas seculares, 1910

Lugones poem in Odas seculares 
poema de Lugones en Odas seculares, 1910

Lugones poem in Odas seculares 
poema de Lugones en Odas seculares, 1910

Shakespeare poem 
poema de Shakespeare

Pound's first book of poems, 1908 
primer poemario de Pound, 1908

Unamuno poem 
poema de Unamuno

Unamuno poem 
poema de Unamuno

supposed tango 
supuesto tango

Parodi : "compuesto en 1908 por el violinista Antonino Cipolla, nacido en Italia en 1889. El título del tango es en este pasaje de Modelo una manera indirecta de aludir a la tradición judía de no comer cerdo" (209-10).

Wells novel, 1937 
novela de Wells, 1937

poem by Rubén Darío 
poema de Rubén Darío

Lugones poem 
poema de Lugones

poem from Ildefonso Pereda’s book Música y acero 
poema del libro Música y acero, de Ildefonso Pereda

Valery Larbaud novel, 1913 
novela de Valery Larbaud, 1913

ancient city in Germany where Charlemagne is buried, known in French as Aix-la-Chapelle 
antigua ciudad en Alemania donde Carlomagno está enterrado, conocida en francés como Aix-la-Chapelle

river in Switzerland, here spelled Aar 
río en Suiza, aquí redactado Aar

in the Bible, high priest of the Hebrews, brother of Moses 
en la Biblia, alto sacerdote de los Hebreos, hermano de Moisés

rabbi 
rabino

family mentioned in Bustos Domecq story 
familia mencionada en un cuento de Bustos Domecq

Portuguese rabbi, philosopher and statesman, 1437-1508, father of León Hebreo 
rabino portugués, filósofo y político, 1437-1508, padre de León Hebreo

shopkeeper in Gualeguaychu, in Borges story

family mentioned in Bustos Domecq story

James novella

market in Buenos Aires, and the surrounding neighborhood

Parodi : "'el Mercado de Abasto': ubicado en el barrio de Balvanera, sobre la Avenida Corrientes, a pocas cuadras de la Plaza Once, el Mercado Proveedor −más tarde llamado Mercado de Abasto de Buenos Aires− fue el mayor mercado de frutas, verduras y carnes de la ciudad. Inaugurado en 1893, ocupó un edificio inspirado en el de Les Halles de París, construido en hierro y vidrio. Cerró en 1984 y fue reabierto en 1998 transformado en un centro comercial. Desde sus orígenes, la presencia del Mercado dio gran actividad a la zona, con la apertura de comercios, fondas, bodegones, hoteles, cafés, cines y teatros" (47).

Parodi :  "supuesto club de fútbol afincado en el barrio de Abasto (cf. “Doce” I §29)" (321).

family mentioned in Bustos Domecq story

family mentioned in Bustos Domecq story

Dynasty of caliphs from 750 to 1258.

Fishburn and Hughes : "An Islamic dynasty that lasted from 750 to 1258; its eighth Caliph was Al-Mu'tasim Ibn Harun (794-842). In 762 the Caliph Mansur transferred the capital from Damascus to Baghdad, a move that marked the rise of Arab over Persian influence in Islam." (1)

family mentioned in Bustos Domecq story

Irish national theater in Dublin, associated with Lady Gregory and Yeats

village in Staffordshire, England

book by Claude Bragdon

Russell, 1923

Chaucer Poem, "An ABC (The Prayer of Our Lady)." The poem ibegins with the Latin phrase "Incipit carmen secundum ordinem litterarum alphabeti," and then consists of octaves that start with each letter of the alphbet.

character in Bustos Domecq story

Parodi : "El nombre del druso coincide con el del médico, matemático, filósofo y poeta árabe andaluz Abu Bequer ben Abd−el−Melek ben Thofail, más conocido por Iben Thofail, Abentofail o Abubacer (ca. 1110−1185). Fue secretario del gobernador de Granada y posteriormente médico del sultán Abu Yacub Yusuf, que atrajo a su corte a los sabios más eminentes; en 1182, Abentofail fue sucedido en su cargo de médico por Averroes. Autor de libros sobre astronomía y medicina, sólo se ha conservado su obra El filósofo autodidacto , traducida al castellano en 1900" (48).

Caliph, 646-705, and ruling family in eleventh-century Spain.

Fishburn and Hughes : "The ruling family in eleventh-century Muslim Spain." (1)

ancient Greek city in Thrace

son of the king of Fez who besieged Gibraltar from 1331 to 1333 and reconquered it for the Moors. (Mentioned in Bustos Domecq story.)

Parodi : "supuesto gobernador de Marrakech, a quien el barón Grandvilliers habría intentado envenenar" (350).

protagonist of a tale in the Arabian Nights

character in Borges-Bioy filmscript

Abd al-Rahman the First, Umayyad ruler in Spain, fl. 750-88, author of a poem on the palm tree.

Fishburn and Hughes : "Abd ar-Rahman I, known as 'the Immigrant', was the first Umayyad Caliph in Spain. Forced to flee from Damascus when the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate, he made his way to Spain, where he deposed the Muslim ruler, proclaimed himself Emir and established an independent Umayyad Emirate. He established his capital in Cordoba, and began the construction of its great Mosque. Abdurrahman is said to have written verses full of nostalgia for his native land. The traditional classical style he adopted persisted in the poetry of Al-Andalus." (1)

Argentine scholar, 1859-1949, author of works on medicine, law, education and language, including the Idioma nacional de los argentinos, 1900, and a Latin grammar

son of Adam and Eve in the Bible, killed by his brother Cain

French philosopher and theologian, 1079-1142

character in Collins

Ibn Abbas, Moslem traditionalist theologian, cousin of Mohammed

Hajj Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Battuta, or Ibn Battuta, also known as Shams ad–Din, Islamic scholar and traveller, 1304-1369 

ibn Chozai, Abulcasim Mohammed ben Ahmed ben Chozai Alquelbi, Andaluzian writer, d. 1340

Andanzas en el atardecer, poem by Augusto Stramm, 1914

theologian

Fishburn and Hughes : "A Jewish scholar, philosopher and poet best known for his penetrating biblical commentaries based on grammatical principles. He is reputed to have been the first biblical scholar to distinguish reason from faith, and is also remembered for some liturgical poems."(96)

See Gabirol, Aben

character in Borges story.

Fishburn and Hughes: "A fictitious name, reminiscent of Muhammad Ben Ismail Al-Bukhari (810-870), a compiler of Arabic traditions." (5)

Borges story in El Aleph

Abu Zaid ibn Mahommed ibn Khaldun, Arabic historian, born at Tunis, 1332-1406, author of a universal history

Fishburn and Hughes : "A fourteenth-century Arab historian, the descendant of a politically influential Seville family who migrated to Tunis. Ibn Khaldun is regarded as the first Arab historiographer. His bestknown works are The History of Muslim North Africa and Mukaddima (1375-9). The latter deals with 'all branches of Arab science and culture' and is said to be unexcelled in the Arab world for its insight and clarity. The words quoted stem from the Mukkaddima." (96)

character in Bustos Domecq story

Parodi : "el nombre del personaje de 'Doce' coincide con el de un célebre historiador, sociólogo, filósofo, economista, demógrafo y estadista bereber del norte de África, Ibn Jaldún o Ibn Khaldoun (1332−1406), conocido en el ámbito hispánico como Abenjaldún. Es autor del Libro de la evidencia , un tratado en el que compendia la historia de la humanidad hasta sus días, deteniéndose en temas de economía, conflictos sociales, creencias religiosas, modos de vida, civilización y gobierno. Además de Abenjaldún, otros protagonistas drusos del cuento llevan nombres que concuerdan con los de personajes históricos o bien que corresponden a nombres árabes de amplia difusión" (40).

Ibn Sidah the Andalusian, Spanish lexicographer, c.1006-1066, author of the Mohkam.

Fishburn and Hughes: "An Arab philologist and man of letters remembered for his Kitab-al-Mukham. There is some similarity between him and Borges: he was blind, and studied with his father, who was also blind." (1)

Grimmelshausen picaresque novel, 1668, first of four novels about Simplicius Simplicissimus

Ibn Tufail, Spanish-Arabic novelist, 1100-85, author of the philosophical romance Hayy ibn Yaqzan, "The Living One, Son of the Waking One"

English poet, 1881-1938

city in Scotland

Abyssinia, ancient name for Ethiopia

character in Collins

Spanish rabbi, 1098-c.1167.

Fishburn and Hughes: "Judeo-Spanish poet and philosopher, born in Tudela when Andalusia was under Moslem rule. Known as "Admirable", he was much admired in his lifetime for his widespread learning and scholarly commentaries on the Old Testament. He also wrote religious and secular poetry in Hebrew." (1)

town on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt, site of battle in 1798 in which English defeated the French.

Fishburn and Hughes: "The scene of the battle of the Nile (1-2 August 1798), in which the English fleet under Nelson defeated the French." (1)

Walpole, 1931

river in the Luján delta area of El Tigre

Jewish statesman, philosopher, theologian and commentator, 1437-1508

Biblical patriarch, sometimes Abram

prince in Celtic legend

Childhood friend of Borges in Geneva, later a lawyer and political figure, 1901-81.

Fishburn and Hughes: "A Jewish lawyer, writer and poet whom Borges met in the College of Geneva in 1914 and with whom he formed a lifelong friendship. During his stay in Spain, Borges frequently wrote to Abramowicz on literary matters. Borges once told the authors that he had written 'The Unworthy Friend' as a memento of Abramowicz and an expression of his feelings of unworthiness towards him." (1-2)

Parodi : "el supuesto divul-gador de una información reservada lleva el mismo nombre que un condis-cípulo y amigo de Borges en Ginebra. En Borges 978, recuerda Bioy: “Aña-dimos un párrafo al cuento, que titulamos “Homenaje a César Paladión”. Por mi sugerencia cambiamos a Raymond Roussel, como confidente de Pa-ladión, por Abramowicz, amigo de Borges en Ginebra.” En “Goliadkin” es mencionado como ‘el padre Abramowicz’; cf. I §20" (257).

Parodi : " el apellido de este sacerdote, aquí confesor de la Princesa Fiodorovna, coincide con el de Maurice Abramowicz (1901 − 1981), abogado y político suizo de origen polaco, condiscípulo de Borges durante los años en que residió en Ginebra (1914 − 1917) y asistió al Collège Calvin. Mencionado también en Crónicas (“Paladión”). Para la ocupación atribuida a Abramowicz, cf. “Doce” i § 4" (60). 

family

emanations of divine spirit, according to Basilidian Gnostics

Linde article

Vilaseco poem, 1901

Parodi : "supuesto poema de Vilaseco influido por Guido Spano (cf. infra ), Núñez de Arce (cf. infra ) y Elías Regules (cf. infra ). El título del poema recuerda el del primer libro de Rubén Darío, Abrojos , publicado en Chile en 1887" (310).

in the Bible, a son of David

Faulkner novel, 1936

fish in Egyptian mythology

Spanish traveller and writer born in Tortosa (1059-1126). Author of Siradj-el-Moluk .

mentioned in Margaret Smith's The Persian Mystics

Syrian translator of Aristotle, c. 870-940

Fishburn and Hughes: "A Syrian translator of Aristotle. According to Renan, Averroes based his work on Aristotle partly on this translation." (2)

character in Bustos Domecq story, owner of taxi cabs

Parodi : "el nombre de este personaje coincide con los de varias figuras históricas y literarias: poetas, sultanes, pensadores religiosos, gobernantes de la España árabe, también con el de un personaje de las Mil y una noches " (43) . 

Abu'l-Baka Salih ar-Rundi, Arabic poet who may have influenced Jorge Manrique

character in Borges story about Averroes.

Fishburn and Hughes: "Perhaps an allusion to Aboul-Hosein Ibn Djohein who, according to Renan, reproached Averroes for straying from his faith." (2)

12th century poet

Abu-l-Fida Isma'il ibn 'Ali 'Imad-ud-Dni, Arabian historian and geographer, 1273-1331

Fishburn and Hughes: "The name commonly given to the Arab geographer and historian Abu al-Fida. Abulfeda's two major works, History of Mankind and Location of the Countries, were much used by orientalists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries." (2)

character in the Arabian Nights

Jack London, novel, 1913.

the Argentine literary academy, to which Borges was admitted in 1962

Parodi : "Miguel de Torre comenta: 'Cuando aceptó ser académico de letras (recién sería incorporado en 1962, cuando resultaba escandaloso que el escritor más conocido no perteneciera todavía a la corporación), yo me escandalicé. Si siempre había sido el más talentoso e independiente hombre de letras, el enorme burlón de toda solemnidad −yo lo veneraba como a un Arlt, aunque de la especie cultivada, naturalmente−, ¿por qué ahora −como él me decía con sorna de buena parte de sus pares− se mezclaba con 'vagos señores de los que nadie podría citar siquiera el título de sus libros', con figurones que ya Bustos Domecq había ridiculizado para siempre en el personaje del doctor Gervasio Montenegro? […] Pero las sesiones de la Academia, aunque le parecían tediosas, lo mantenían ocupado por unas horas... y eran una fuente inagotable para sus parodias y sarcasmos' (249)" (32).

Academie Française, academy of the French language, founded in 1635

Academie Goncourt, a literary society founded by the will of Edmond de Goncourt, began to function in 1903

mentioned by Suárez Lynch

Parodi : "academia apócrifa que supuestamente llevaría el nombre del teólogo y filósofo danés Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855)" (217).

A lay educational institution for the wealthy society of Buenos Aires.

dance academy in Montevideo, discussed by Vicente Rossi in Cosas de negros

Swedish Academy, selects the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature

Text written by Vicente Rossi.

Cicero treatises on education, of which only part of the second survives, also known as the Lucullus.

Fishburn and Hughes: "Otherwise known as the Lucullus, after its main speaker. The first draft of the Academica was in two books. It was later recast in four, of which we possess part of the first ( Academica posteriora ) and the Lucullus. In it Cicero examines the question of the certainty of knowledge, supplying Latin terminology for Greek philosophical ideas. He tends to favour the Stoics, blaming the Epicureans for many failings, not least 'their neglect of literary style'. CF 202: two passages in the Academica priora concern the possibility that people and eventsmay be repeated across the universe. In the first Lucullus opposes Catullus's theory that 'in this world there exists a second Catullus, or indeed in countless other worlds there exist countless copies of him' (ch. 17, para. 5). In the second passage alluded to in the story, Cicero mocks Lucullus' idea that 'just as we are at this moment close to Bauli ... so there are countless persons in exactly similar places with our names, our honours, our achievements, our minds, our shapes, our ages, discussing the same subject' (ch. 40, para. 125)." (2)

street in Buenos Aires

Parodi : "Acassuso es una localidad del partido de San Isidro, en el Gran Buenos Aires (cf. supra ' A manera de Prólogo' §7). ‘El ruso senza caperuzza’ hace alusión a Fingermann, judío y circuncidado, es decir, sin prepucio, sin capucha. El enunciado −un ejemplo de ‘cocoliche− ’mezcla palabras en castellano, en italiano ( senza ) y un híbrido del castellano ‘caperuza’ provisto de una doble consonante que supuestamente lo italianizaría. Para cocoliche, cf. 'Doce' i §5" (240).

city in Greece, site of naval battle in 31 B.C.

Lugones political essays

Book of poems by Jean Giono

Parodi : " primer poemario de Giono, publicado en 1924, un conjunto de poemas bucólicos en prosa inspirados en Platón y Virgilio" (76). 

Lane book, 1836

character in Borges

Borges story-essay, a review of Mir Bahadur Ali's Approach to Al-Mu'tasim

family

Fishburn and Hughes : "Azevedo (also Acevedo) An alternative spelling of Borges's family surname on his mother's side, Acevedo. Its Sephardic associations have suggested that Borges had Jewish ancestry, something that he has ambiguously both 'regretfully denied' and acknowledged (Emir Rodríguez Monegal, Jorge Luis Borges: A Literary Biography, NY 1978, 12-13). Daniel Simón Azevedo is a pivotal character in Death and the Compass. A Biography of Tadeo Isidoro Cruz (1829-1874): Francisco Xavier Acevedo was a relative of Borges. The Encounter: the owner of the house in which the story is set was called Acevedo, or Acebal." (20)

Borges's mother, 1876-1975

Uruguayan writer, 1851-1919, author of Brenda, Ismael and Nativa.

character in Borges story

Borges's maternal grandfather (1835-1905)

Catalan merchant who came to Buenos Aires in 1728

Argentine military officer, 1799-1841

woman mentioned in the Book of Revelation, daughter of Sophia, important in Gnostic thought and theosophy

F. O. Matthiessen book, 1947

pharmacist in Bustos Domecq story

Parodi : "la farmacia de la familia Achinelli estaba ubicada en Vicente López 1701, esquina Rodríguez Peña, a dos cuadras de la Avenida Quintana, en el barrio de Recoleta. Bioy y Borges fueron vecinos de la zona; cf. 'Ojo' §2" (393).

highest mountain in South America, near Mendoza, Argentina, and Santiago, Chile

Parodi : "el nacionalista Ubalde elige como término de comparación con el Dent de Chat al cerro Aconcagua, el más alto de la cordillera de los Andes (6962 metros), situado en la provincia de Mendoza" (346).

Mir y Baralt, 1934

Parodi : “ Acopio de pullas y de gracejos (Madrid, 1934) de don Julio Mir y Baralt”: supuesta obra en la que se registraría una situación crítica vivida por el Molinero. En Borges 216, una nota al pie, Daniel Martino puntualiza: “En “Deslindando responsabilidades” (1977), Borges y Bioy mencionan a un tal Julio Mir y Baralt, cuyo nombre es una portmanteau word tomada de Julio Cejador y Frauca, Juan Mir y Rafael María Baralt .” De los nombres que se fusionan en el de este supuesto autor, Julio Cejador y Frauca es mencionado en Seis problemas (cf. “Sangiácomo” iv §7). Juan Mir y Noguera (1840-1917), fue un jesuita español que dedicó sus mayores esfuerzos a la tarea de mantener la pureza de la lengua liberándola de galicismos. En su Prontuario de hispanismos y barbarismos (1908) y su Rebusco de voces castizas (1907) recopiló de todos los clásicos castellanos las locuciones, modismos, formas adverbiales y prepositivas; sobre la base de esa selección estableció la dicción y casticidad de una palabra o frase; completó los diversos capítulos del Prontuario con un catálogo de escritores incorrectos, acompañando cada ejemplo con una cita. En Borges 1044, apunta Bioy: “Hablamos del padre Mir, de sus Rebuscos −todas las palabras le parecían pocas− y reconocemos que ellos también, Mir, Baralt, etcétera, recomendaban el procedimiento de la huida: terror al galicismo, prevención contra cualquier barbarismo. No por lo tanto, sino por tanto; no en el futuro sino en lo futuro, no de inmediato, no constatar , etcétera ( ad nauseam ).” En Descanso 299, en el apartado sobre “los libros que más asiduamente manejaba en mis albores de escritor”, menciona Bioy Prontuario de hispanismo y barbarismo [sic], del padre Mir.” Rafael María Baralt (1810−1860) fue poeta, abogado, ingeniero, filólogo, crítico literario y político venezolano. Su obra más célebre, Resumen de la historia antigua y moderna de Venezuela , el primer ensayo de su género escrito en Venezuela, fue publicada en París en 1841. Trabajó en la elaboración de un Diccionario crítico−etimológico de la lengua castellana que quedó inconcluso y de un Diccionario matriz de la lengua castellana (1850), un proyecto monumental que pretendía ser el inventario general de la lengua española y del que sólo se editó un “Prospecto”. Su último trabajo como lingüista fue el célebre Diccionario de galicismos ó sea de las voces, locuciones y frases de la lengua francesa que se han introducido en el habla castellana moderna, con el juicio crítico de las que deben adoptarse, y la equivalencia castiza de las que no se hallan en este caso (1855), el primer diccionario de este tipo del idioma español. Desde 1843 vivió en España donde colaboró en diversas publicaciones y dirigió la Gaceta de la Corona ; fue el primer latinoamericano elegido para ocupar una silla en la Real Academia. Para el apellido ‘Baralt’ en Bustos Domecq, cf. Crónicas “Prólogo” §4.

Eisenstein film about the revolt on the battleship Potemkin, 1925

Frost

port city in Israel with famous Crusader fort

in Athens

Edgar Lee Masters's autobiography, 1936

Hemingway, 1950

Kipling's book, 1909.

Alberto Hidalgo book, 1933

Peyrou’s novel, 1963.

character in the Iliad

Aquarius in Greek mythology and in zodiac

Bonavena

Uruguayan poet, 1790-1862

Argentine poet and journalist, author of a collection of poems in 1955

original man according to the Kabbalah

German historian and geographer, c.1045-1076, author of Historia Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae, of which the Libellus is the fourth book

Yeats poem in In the Seven Woods, 1904

French writer, 1899-1980, author of Le Secret de l'aventure vénétienne and of a history of French literature and editor of Rimbaud

giant from Los Lusiadas

British poet, 1898-?, scholar of Middle English poetry and translator of Jacques Maritain

Adam, first man in Bible

Fishburn and Hughes: "In the Biblical account, the first man. The story of Adam's creation is related twice in Genesis: first, as part of the general creation of the world, in 1:26-31, and later in more detail at 2:7: 'And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.' The reference to 'red Adam' can be explained by its Hebrew etymology, in which Adam means both man and red. Gnostic theories linking the creation of Adam by demiurges with the creation of an homunculus - a being who is soul-less until instructed in certain rites - has roots in Cabbalistic interpretations of the creation of Adam. The description of the wizard who 'uttered lawful syllables of a powerful name and slept' before achieving his dream is an allusion to Cabbalistic belief in the creative power brought by knowledge of the secret combination of God's name. J. Alazraki, in 'Borges and the Kabbalah', TriQuarterly, 1972, points to certain parallels between the act of creation in 'The Circular Ruins' and the Cabbalistic account of the creation of Adam where, by permutation of the numbers corresponding to the letters of Adam and YHWY (see Tetragrammaton), the creation of Adam is identified with that of God himself." (3)

Adam stvoritel, Karel Capek play written in collaboration with brother Josef, 1927

Elmer Rice play, 1923

capital of Ethiopia

English writer, 1672-1719

Diderot's follow-up to Pensees philosophiques. Book of aphorisms, 1770. Published anonymously.

Capital city of South Australia and the fifth-largest city in Australia . 

University in Adelaide, Australia.

Bustos Domecq

Parodi : “' Vanitas, Los Adelantos del Progreso, La Patria Azul y Blanca, A Ella, Nocturnos ': títulos de algunas composiciones de Bustos Domecq supuestamente publicadas en diarios de Rosario en 1907, cuando apenas tenía catorce años. El empleo del término ‘composiciones’, que en el ámbito escolar designa un escrito en que el alumno desarrolla un tema en general elegido por el maestro, insinúa que estas obras de Bustos son redacciones escolares, muy probablemente realizadas bajo la dirección de la señorita Badoglio” (16).

name given in Arabic histories to Alfonso XI of Castile

Jean-François Brierre play, 1955

title invented for a poem in an anthology by G. B. Harrison

tango song by Pelay, Canaro and Mores, 1945

Parodi : "un tango−canción estrenado en 1945, con música de Francisco Canaro y Mariano Mores, y letra de Ivo Pelay" (375).

tango song by Carlos Gardel

Parodi : "un tango-canción de 1917, con letra y música de Carlos Gardel (cf. “Enfoque” §2) y de José Razzano (“Amistad” §18)" (372).

Co-author with Michael Revon of Japanische Literatur. Geschichte und Auswahl von den Anfängen bis zur neusten Zeit (1926).

James Barrie play, 1903

character in Bustos Domecq story, also known as Arlequin de la Muerte

Jules Supervielle poetic narrative in L'Arche de Noé, 1938

Shelley elegy for Keats, 1821

Marino poem on Venus and Adonis, 1623

youth of great beauty in classical mythology, favorite of Aphrodite

E. R. Dodds translated by Borges in 1920

character in Adriana Buenos Aires by Macedonio Fernández

Macedonio Fernández novel, "última novela mala," written in 1922 but published posthumously in 1975

Publius Aelius Hadrianus, Roman emperor, 76-138

Adriatic Sea

Julien Green work, 1927

Town on outskirts of Buenos Aires.

Fishburn and Hughes: "A city in the southern outskirts of Buenos Aires (now part of Greater Buenos Aires The hotel in which Borges and his family spent vacations and of which he had nostalgic memories most probably refers to the now-demolished 'Las Delicias', where `Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius' was written. Triste-le-Roy also stands for this hotel (see Aleph 173 (268)). “. In Adrogué (1977), Borges wrote: 'En cualquier lugar del mundo en que me encuentre, cuando siento el olor de los eucaliptos, estoy en Adrogué' ('Wherever I may be in the world, when I sense the smell of eucalyptus I am in Adrogué')." (3)

founder of town of Adrogue outside of Buenos Aires

Parodi : “Adrogué es una ciudad del Gran Buenos Aires situada a 23 km al sur de la Capital, sobre la línea del Ferrocarril Roca. Fue fundada en 1873 y bautizada con el nombre de Esteban Adrogué (1815-1903) quien donó tierras para el tendido del ferrocarril y para algunos edificios públicos. Don Esteban era el propietario del Hotel La Delicia, del que los Borges fueron asiduos huéspedes. Como apunta Daniel Martino en Borges (“Índice”): 'Los Borges veraneaban allí a principios del siglo XX, en la quinta La Rosalinda (1907-1914) y en el Hotel La Delicia' (1599), que había sido la vivienda de la familia Adrogué hasta esa fecha en que se convirtió en un prestigioso lugar de veraneo” (400-401).

Bacon philosophical treatise, 1605

Ellery Queen, short story. published in the collection The New Adventures of Ellery Queen (1940)

Aventura del niño imaginativo, Walpole story in Head in Green Bronze

Ellery Queen, short story from The Adventures of Ellery Queen (1934).

Conan Doyle story about Sherlock Holmes, 1891

Conan Doyle story, here reduced to five Napoleons

Conan Doyle story

Lang essays, 1905

Ellery Queen, collection of short stories, 1934.

Conan Doyle, collection of short stories, 1892.

Juan de Panonia work refuting the idea of circular time

Sextus Empiricus philosophical work, a critique of various philosophical systems

Excerpt from the 1001 Nights .

magician mentioned in the Skaldskaparmal

in Greek mythology, Jason's father

West Saxon king, 894-939

Gaboriau detective novel, 1868

German dramatist, 1798-1857

Fischart translation of Rabelais, 1575

Afghanistan, country in Central Asia

continent

South Africa

H. F. Trew book about South Africa, 1938

Aphrodite, goddess of love in Greek mythology

Weatherhead, 1942

Yeats

Arthur Miller play, 1964

Agamemnon, Greek hero, general of Greek forces in Trojan war

Swiss geologist and paleontologist, 1807-1873

lines from Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra II.ii

probably a reference to Antonio Aita, q.v.

Parodi : "posible alusión al escritor y crítico literario Antonio Aíta (1891-1966). Fue presidente del pen Club Argentino y autor, entre otros títulos, de Algunos aspectos de la literatura argentina (1930), La literatura argentina contemporánea (1931). Borges lo menciona en la Postdata a “El Aleph” (OC I:626)" (168).

place in Poland where Hauptmann lived, now known as Jagniatków

Jacques Spitz science fiction novel, 1935

town in western Uruguay

character in Ariosto

Agrigentum, ancient port city in Sicily

Agrippina the younger, Roman noblewoman, sister of Caligula and mother of Nero, 16-59

German writer, soldier, physician and magician, 1486-1535, author of De Incertitudine et Vanitate Scientiarum et artium atque Excellentia Verbi Dei Declamatio.

Fishburn and Hughes: "Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim (1486-1535), a German author of Latin texts on magic and the occult who fought against the condemnation of witchcraft. He was Professor at the University of Dôle and Pavia. Persecuted by the Inquisition, he was imprisoned for a time in Brussels. His writings, based on an explanation of the world in terms of Pythagoras' numerology and a Cabbalistic interpretation of the Hebrew alphabet, aim to demonstrate that God is best reached through magic." (4)

Silva Valdés book of poems, 1921

Runeberg poem

Gracian, 1648

street in Buenos Aires

Parodi : “una esquina frente al Mercado de Abasto (cf. “Doce” i §29) en la que, desde 1907, estuvo ubicado el célebre Café O’Rondeman, un bar de mala fama en el que se inició como cantor Carlos Gardel (cf. “Enfoque” §2). Fue demolido en 2006. La calle Humahuaca es también mencionada en “Limardo” i §11” (324).

eagle in Dante

character in Borges story

Quevedo polemical work against Góngora, 1631.

Fishburn and Hughes: "A short satirical work by Quevedo attacking linguistic preciosity. It consists of: a 'recipe' for writing 'Soledades' (a poem of extreme artificiality by Quevedo's rival, Luís de Góngora) in one day; a parody of a romance by another contemporary, Juan Pérez de Montalbán, describing the mouth of his beloved in the affected style of the period; and a poem on twilight, full of exaggerated metaphors and classical allusions. It concludes in self-parody by invoking 'God's mercy' on the 'Castilian language' and by wishing that the air polluted by so much arcane verse be cleared once and for all." (4)

Una vindicación del falso Basílides, Discusión, OC, 216. Historia de la eternidad, Historia de la eternidad, OC, 359, 367. La doctrina de los ciclos, Historia de la eternidad, OC, 388, 392. Los teólogos, El Aleph, OC, 550, 551. La creación y P. H. Gosse, Otras inquisiciones, OC, 651. El “Biathanatos,” Otras inquisiciones, OC, 701. Del culto de los libros, Otras inquisiciones, OC, 714. Nueva refutación del tiempo, Otras inquisiciones, OC, 764. El dragón en Occidente, El libro de los seres imaginarios, OCC, 622. La salamandra, El libro de los seres imaginarios, OCC, 689. La transmigración, Qué es el budismo, OCC, 744. La gesta de Beowulf, Literatura de la Inglaterra sajona, Literaturas germánicas medievales, OC, 873. La sepultura, Literatura de la Inglaterra sajona, Literaturas germánicas medievales, OCC, 897. El libro, BO, 14, Emanuel Swedenborg, BO, 49. El tiempo, BO, 85, 86, 88, 91, 97. El libro de las ruinas, CS, 162. Ejecución de tres palabras, I, 153. La memoria de Shakespeare, MS, 62. El último viaje de Ulises, NED, 114. La invención de Morel, P, 23. Del infierno y del cielo, OP, 429. Las últimas comedias de Shaw, PB, 144. La Divina Comedia, SN, 18. Las mil y una noches, SN, 58. El budismo, SN, 89, 96. El propósito de Zarathustra, TR2, 213.

St. Augustine, Aurelius Augustinus, bishop of Hippo and Church father, 356-430, author of De Civitate Dei, Confessiones and other works

Fishburn and Hughes: "One of the four Fathers of the Christian Church. In his youth Augustine abandoned the Christian faith, but he returned to it in 386. When he became bishop of Hippo he described his spiritual struggle in his Confessions . After his conversion he was fully engaged in church activities and religious controversies, denouncing the preachings of the various Christian sects which had sprung up before orthodoxy had been formalised. Dominant among these sects were the Manichaeans, who saw the world as the scene of a conflict between good and evil, and the Pelagians, who held that the sin of Adam did not affect the rest of humanity - a doctrine expounded by Augustine's pupil Coelestus, who was later tried and excommunicated. CF 202: According to Augustine all human nature is sinful and divine intervention is imperative. This view dominates his moral and theological treatises, his Letters , the commentaries on the Gospel, and his main work Civitas Dei ('City of God'), which elaborates the theory of human predestination: the principle that God has established a priori who will be damned and who saved." (18-19)

Writer mentioned in the Antología de la literatura fantástica and in Cuentos breves y extraordinarios as the author of the story "Los ojos culpables."

line from Poe ode to Helen of Troy, 1831.

Fishburn and Hughes: "A line from a romantic ode to Helen of Troy by Edgar Allan Poe first published in 1831. The poet describes his vision of an enchanted garden in which Helen appeared to him in the still, perfumed air, under the full moon of a July night. As he enters the garden, everything disappears and he and his beloved are left alone. Finally, Helen also fades, only her eyes remaining to guide him through life." (4)

character in Melville's Moby Dick

Fishburn and Hughes: "Captain Ahab, the central character in Herman Melville's novel Moby Dick (1851) who loses his leg in the vengeful pursuit of a white whale. The alludesion to an incident in chapter 36 that typifies Ahab's relentless quest: he nails an ounce of Spanish gold to the mast, with the words, 'Whosoever of ye raises me a white- headed whale with wrinkled brow and a crooked jaw, whosoever of ye raises me that white- headed whale, with three holes punctured in his starboard fluke, look ye, whosoever of ye raises me that same white whale, he shall have his gold ounce, my boys.' " (4)

Persian king mentioned several times in the Bible

prince in the Arabian Nights

Swinburne poem in Poems and Ballads, here misspelled "Awolibah"

character in Borges-Bioy filmscript

US poet and novelist, 1889-1973

See Eneas

Parodi : " Bonfanti reprueba que una exhibición de películas de Jannings no haya incluido la más importante: una adaptación al cine de la sátira de Butler Ainsi va toute chair cuyo título en castellano sería supuestamente De carne somos . La confusión que Bonfanti hace de autores, obras y títulos se explica porque la sátira de la época victoriana The Way of All Flesh , escrita por Samuel Butler (1835−1902) y publicada en 1903 lleva el mismo título que una película muda estrenada en 1928, The Way of All Flesh (presentada en el ámbito hispano con el título, El destino de la carne), la primera película filmada por Jannings en Hollywood, dirigida por Victor Fleming y basada en un guión escrito por el guionista y novelista norteamericano Perley Poore Sheehan (1875-1943). El libro de Butler fue traducido al francés en 1921 por Valery Larbaud con el título que menciona Bonfanti - Ainsi va toute chair -, en la edición española se tituló El destino de la carne . La relación entre la obra de Butler y la película se circunscribe entonces a la coincidencia de los títulos en inglés. Para Butler y su obra, cf. “Vestuario II” § 2" (88). 

editor of the poems of Christopher Smart with Edward Noyes, 1943

Aire y ángeles, John Donne poem

Henry Miller travel book about the United States, 1945

battlefields in northern France from 1914-1915

Argentine educator and writer, 1891-1966, president of the PEN club in Argentina and, in the words of the Enciclopedia de la literatura argentina, "entusiasta difusor de la cultura americana," called "Tony Agita" in one Bustos Domecq text.

Fishburn and Hughes: "An Argentine writer and critic, secretary of the Argentine PEN Club, who sought to disseminate interest in Latin American literaure. The reference to his winning of the First National Prize for literature is fictitious. He did, however, win a literary prize in Belgium." (5)

town in France on Lake Bourget, south of Geneva

Parodi : “el hotel donde, en 1924, suceden las acciones del cuento, está ubicado en Aix-les-Bains, una ciudad francesa del departamento de Saboya, próxima al lago Bourget, famosa por sus aguas termales de azufre y de alumbre indicadas para el tratamiento del reumatismo. El edificio termal, que Ubalde compara con la Estación Constitución (cf. infra §6), data de 1864. Desde el siglo xix, las termas de Aix-les-Bains fueron frecuentadas por altas personalidades de la política, las finanzas y la cultura, desde la reina Victoria a Henri Bergson y, en varias ocasiones, Bioy. El nombre completo del hotel real donde supuestamente se alojaba Ubalde es ‘Hotel Notre Dame des Eaux’ y fue construido en 1892” (344-45).

A'isha bint Muhammad ibn al-Ahmar, queen of Granada, Boabdil's mother, who according to legend tells him after his loss of Granada that if he had fought like a man he would not have had to flee like a woman

Mughal emperor of India, 1542-1605.

Fishburn and Hughes: "An Indian emperor of Mongol descent who expanded his territories and reorganised their administration. Though himself a Muslim, Akbar opened the civil service to Hindus and encouraged members of different religions to discuss their beliefs. He also patronised the arts." (5)

Aqibha ben Yoseph, rabbi who was a central contributor to the Mishnah, c. 50-135, here Akiba ben Yosef

town in Japan west of Osaka

mosque in Jerusalem

German expressionist magazine founded by Franz Pfemfert and was published between 1911 and 1932

Japanese short story writer and critic, , sometimes called Agutagawa, 1892-1927, author of a parody of the story of the forty-seven Ronins, A Day in the Life of Oishi Kuranosuke, 1917

Old name for Sittwe, the capital city of Rakhine State, Myanmar (Burma).

poem by Macedonio Fernández

beginning of Lugones poem "Alma venturosa"

Fishburn and Hughes : "The Arabic word for Andalusia, probably derived from al-Andlish, Arabic for 'the Vandals'. The name al-Andalus was used only for Spain's Muslim territory, which fluctuated according to the vicissitudes of the Reconquest. During the Middle Ages it applied to almost the whole of the Iberian peninsula, but the application was progressively confined to areas still under Arab control, so that eventually it referred only to the small principality of Granada, the last Arab stronghold in the peninsula." (5)

Allah, name of God in Islam.

Fishburn and Hughes :"Arabic al-ilah, meaning God: the Moslem appellation for 'The Only God'. There are ninetynine other names for God in Islam, but Allah is the foremost." (8)

poem by Pedro Miguel Obligado

state in United States

character in the Arabian Nights

story in the Arabian Nights

pseud. of Emile-Auguste Chartier, French philosopher and essayist, 1868-1951, author of Propos sur l'Esthetique, Propos de littérature, Histoire de mes pensées and other works

French theologian, poet and Latinist, c. 1128-1202.

Fishburn and Hughes: "A French theologian and poet, whose extensive learning won him the title Doctor Universalis. He combined mysticism with rationality. Assuming that the principles of faith were axiomatic, he sought to refute heterodoxy on rational grounds. In a discussion of metaphors of the Universe, Borges quotes Alanus' famous formula: 'God is an intelligible sphere, whose centre is everywhere and whose circumference is nowhere'. (6)

town in Egypt west of Alexandria

building in San Antonio, Texas, site of battle in 1836

John Wayne film, 1960

ranch in Borges story

Alaric I , Gothic king, c. 370-410

Lugones, section of El libro de los paisajes

state in United States

story from Eduardo González Lanuza´s Aquelarre

here, patroness of Torres Villarroel

capital of state of New York

anthology edited by Sonia Hambourgh and R. H. Boothroyd, 1937

Argentine political theorist, 1810-84, author of Bases para la organización política de la República Argentina

Forster story in The Life to Come, 1972

Friar Alberigo, d. c. 1307, Guelph Manfredi family member placed by Dante in the ninth circle of the Inferno

Italian-born Argentine philosopher, 1886-1960

town in northern France near Amiens.

Fishburn and Hughes: "A town in northern France: it played a significant role during WWI, particularly with regard to the battle of the Somme." (6)

auditorium in London

Francis Charles Augustus Albert Emmanuel, husband of Queen Victoria, prince consort of England, 1819-61

Sinologist, character in Borges story

author of Gli Eleati, 1939

character in Herrera's Hágase hizo, also known as Ruperto

Albertus Magnus of Cologne, German theologian, philosopher and scientist, c.1200-80

town in Spain

al-Biruni, Arabic writer, d. 1048, author of books on India, on comparative history and on astronomy and astrology

Saint Albinus of Angers, French abbot and bishop, c. 470-550

old name for the island of Great Britain

Buenos Aires thug

character in Gutiérrez

Zorrilla, 1866.

Collection of narrative fragments and poems by different authors, 1850.

magical mare in Islamic legend

Ksar el Kebir, city in northern Morocco where the Portuguese king Sebastião died in battle in 1578

Portuguese town near Setúbal

university city near Madrid

Zorrilla, 1844.

market in Toledo where Cervantes acquired the manuscript of Cide Hamete Benengeli

book of poems by Francisco Luis Bernárdez, 1925

Alcaeus of Messene, Greek poet of the second or third century BC, some of whose epigrams are preserved in the Greek Anthology

monastery in central Portugal founded in 1153, known for the tombs of Pedro the First and Inés de Castro

Portuguese nun, 1640-1723, known for her letters to a French officer, the Lettres portugaises, though these may have been written by Gabriel-Joseph de La Vergne as an epistolary fiction

poem by Ricardo Güiraldes

the sacred book of Islam, revealed by God to the Prophet Muhammad, also called Coran, Quran, Al Kitab, Koran

Argentine public official and writer, 1842-1902, author of Espinas de un amor, Tratado de derecho internacional, Instrucción secundaria and other works

Argentine writer, 1915-2012, born in Bayonne, France, author of En la casa muerta, El hotel de la luna and other works

Alcuin or Albinus Flaccus, English scholar and ecclesiastic, 732-804, author of Versus de patribus, regibus et sanctis Eboracensis ecclesiae, De Fide Trinitatis and other works

Argentine caudillo and priest, 1785-1845, subject of a biography by Sarmiento

early Borges poem

book of poems by Baldomero Fernández Moreno, 1925

Aldebaran, the constellation

Fishburn and Hughes : "A name of Teutonic origin translated into Italian as Aldighiero (later Alighiero). Dante's great-great-grandfather, the warrior Cacciaguida, had married a woman from the Aldighieri family, as he explains to the poet in the Divine Comedy: 'My wife came from the vale of Po; / whence was derived the surname thou dost bear' (Paradiso, Canto XV, 137/8)." (6)

English writer, 1892-1962

Italian naturalist, 1522-1605

Francisco Luis Bernárdez poem

poem by Ildefonso Pereda Valdés

Peruvian novelist, 1909-67

Alexandria, port city in Egypt, founded by Alexander the Great.

Fishburn and Hughes: "The principal port of Egypt, founded by Alexander the Great in 332/1 BC. The Immortal : refers to the war of the Romans against Egypt whose capital Alexandria became. In 30 BC Octavian (later Augustus) overthrew the last of the Ptolemies. The city and the rest of the country fell under Roman rule, and many rebellions were put down. Three Versions of Judas: by the second century AD Alexandria had become a focus of Hellenistic and Jewish learning. Heretical doctrines, such as those of the Gnostics and of Origen spread within its walls. Averroës’ Search: the assertion that 'the only persons incapable of a sin are those who have already committed it and repented; to be free of an error.. .it is well to have professed it' is an allusion to Carpocrates' interpretation of the Gnostics' libertarian attitude to sinning as a positive obligation to perform every kind of immoral act in order to curb the power of nature. For Carpocrates sinning was part of a programme that had to be completed, making amoralism the means by which freedom could be attained and making sin the way to salvation." (7)

Franco Maria Ricci poem

Alexander of Aphrodisias, peripatetic philosopher, fl. 3rd century A. D., Greek commentator on Aristotle.

Fishburn and Hughes: "Regarded as one of the greatest Greek commentators on Aristotle, his work (in translation) was important for making Greek culture available to Averroes. Alexander of Aphrodisias did not write on The Poetics ." (7)

Alexander III of Macedonia, the Great, conqueror of Persia, 356-323, sometimes called Alejandro Bicorne, Alejandro Magno, Iskandar

Fishburn and Hughes: "the son of Philip II of Macedon, from whom he inherited his military genius, and of Olympias, an Epirote princess, from whom he inherited his mysticism and impetuosity. His tutor was Aristotle. One of history's greatest generals, Alexander conquered most of the civilised world and was responsible for the hellenisation of the non-Greek world as far as India. Death and the Compass: It is difficult to trace with certainty the allusion to 'the crystal sphere which the Persians attributed to Alexander'. After his death, Alexander's fame was enhanced by a collection of fantastic medieval legends known as the Romance of Alexander. In one version, L'Histoire du noble et vaillant Alexandre Ie Grand (1569), there is the following passage: 'Having reached the ends of the earth and conquered all the nations, Alexander aspired to the dominion of the air. For this he obtained a magic glass cage [our italics] which enabled him to fly through the clouds and, with the help of an enchantress who knew the language of birds, achieved their submission.' But the allusion is probably to the universal mirror said to have been fashioned by Alexander (Iskander) in the Persian version of the legend. A Biography of Tadeo Isidoro Cruz (1829-1874): Throughout his life Alexander had a passion for Homer. According to Plutarch, on campaign he always slept with his sword and the Iliad under his pillow." (6-7)

Argentine writer

Alexander the First, Tsar of Russia, 1801-1825

Argentine lawyer and politician, 1842-1896, founder of what later became the Unión Cívica Radical.

Fishburn and Hughes: "An eminent political figure in Argentina, leader of the 1880s reform movement against the power and corruption of the ruling oligarchy, and founder of what was to become the Radical Party. The party was formed largely by the sons of immigrants and supported by the rising middle classes. Its aim was to achieve greater participation in government, which represented solely the interests of the landowning families. One of the main aims of the Radicals was to establish popular suffrage, free from government corruption. Alem was the political and intellectual mentor of the young Radicals." (6)

Spanish novelist, 1547-c. 1615, author of Guzmán de Alfarache

Germany.

Fishburn and Hughes : "The first letter of the Hebrew alphabet, with a numerical value of one. THe Aleph: though silent and used mainly to indicate vowel punctuation, the aleph in Cabbalistic belief is considered the foremost Hebrew letter, a symbol of all the other letters and thus, by extension, of the universe itself. One of the many interpretations of the Aleph is that its symmetrical shape symbolises the concept that everything in the lower world is a reflection of its archetypal form in the world above. In mathematics it indicates a higher power of infinity than integer numbers or numbers that are on a straight line. This allows for the concept of a plurality of alephs, or infinities." (6)

Borges story, and the book in which it was published, 1949

Aleppo, city in northwestern Syria, now Halab

Beatriz Viterbo's husband, character in Borges story

Danish king mentioned in the Widsith

Icelandic saga about Alexander the Great

Aleksandr Nevskii, Eisenstein film, 1938

Borges poem on the castaway who was the subject of Defoe's Robinson Crusoe

Ecuadorean translator of Whitman, 1910-1988

Lamprecht fantastic biography of Alexander the Great, c.1130

E. M. Forster guide to Alexandria, 1923

Abū Naṣr al-Fārābī , Islamic philosopher of Turkic origin, d. 950, author of The Opinions of the Citizens of the Virtuous City

Alpheus, largest river in the Peloponnesus in Greece

lawyer, character in Miller's View from the Bridge

Gomensoro

Alfonso X, king of Castile, 1221-1284, prolific writer known for his code of laws and his Galician poetry

Alfred the Great, English king, 849- 901

Algarve, region of southern Portugal

al-Ghazali, Persian philosopher, 1058-1111, author of the Tahafut-ul-Tahafut or Incoherence of the Philosophers, The Revivification of the Religious Sciences and other works.

port city in southern Spain near Gibraltar

town of southern Spain, mentioned in the Romancero

Moorish palace and fortress in Granada

character in the Arabian Nights

city and province in southeastern Spain

Lewis Carroll, 1865

James Barrie book, 1905

Alice, character in Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass

Argentine poet and journalist, b. 1943

town in Portugal, site of battle in 1385 in which the Portuguese defeated the Castilians

city in the Netherlands.

Fishburn and Hughes: "A small town in northern Holland." (7-8)

Wells, 1940

H. M. Tomlinson novel, 1937

Warren novel, 1943

Todos los hombres son enemigos, Aldington novel, 1933

Arthur Miller play, 1947

Soñé toda la noche, Henry Mond poem from Poems of Dawn and the Night, 1919, translated by Borges in 1920

Tomlinson, 1930

Milestone film, 1930, based on the novel Im Westen nichts Neues by Erich Maria Remarque

Warren novel, 1946

Shakespeare comedy, c.1602

character in Borges story "Abenjacean el Bojarí," whose name recalls that of character in Samuel Butler's The Way of All Flesh (1903).

Fishburn and Hughes: "The name recalls Rector Allaby, the money-conscious rector of Crampsford in Samuel Butler's posthumously published autobiographical novel The Way of All Flesh (1903)." (8)

city and district in Uttar Pradesh, India, on the Ganges.

Fishburn and Hughes: "One of the oldest towns in India, regarded as sacred by the Hindus. Today it is an important town in the state of Uttar Pradesh. There is no record of a Hindustan Review having been published there; perhaps the reference is to The Hindustani which was published in Urdu." (8)

Poe's adopted father

town in Pennsylvania, now part of Pittsburgh

Argentine writer, author of La telaraña de hierro and La vida de Sergio

character in Bustos Domecq stories, also known as Myriam Allen de Ford and Myriam Allen Du Bosc

Parodi :

Myriam Allen de Ford

1) "supuesta crítica literaria citada por Farrel du Bosc (mencionada también en “Teatro” §1)" (256).

Myriam Allen Du Bosc

2) “supuesta crítica literaria mencionada en “Paladión” §5 como ‘Myriam Allen de Ford’, estudiosa de las obras de Paladión y de Loomis; en la misma crónica su labor es citada por el crítico Farrel du Bosc. El cambio del segundo apellido de esta crítica podría explicarse porque, tras la lectura de La línea Paladión-Pound-Eliot , de Farrel, Myriam acabó casándose con él” (289).

American author (1889-1949).

minor figure in Borges-Bioy filmscript

Deussen universal history of philosophy, 2 vols., 1894-1917, including sections on the philosophy of India, the philosophy of the West from the Greeks to Schopenhauer, and the philosophy of the Bible

"A Common Confusion," Kafka short story

Eduardo Wilde

book by Enrique González Tuñón, 1927

Carriego title poem of a section of Las misas herejes, 1908

A poem by Marcelo del Mazo

anthology of tango lyrics, c.1924

Lugones poem in Las horas doradas

book by Rafael Alberto Arrieta

bar in Buenos Aires

knife-fighter in Borges story

Bonastre, 1920

Argentine poet, pseud. of Pedro Bonifacio Palacios, 1854-1917.

Fishburn and Hughes: "The pseudonym of Pedro Bonifacio Palacio, an Argentine author and journalist who became a cult figure. In his youth Borges admired Almafuerte and was moved by his messianic tone, saying that almost all Argentinians of his generation learned to appreciate the full aesthetic function of language through the 'suffering' and the 'extasis' of Almafuerte ( Evaristo Carriego. 39 ). Though Almafuerte is now somewhat neglected, Borges listed him in his Prologue to the Anthology of Argentinian Poetry (1941) as one of the most important Argentinian poets. Borges also wrote a preface to the collection of Almafuerte's prose and poetry published in 1962, in which he summarised the book he would have liked to have written about Almafuerte, reaffirming his admiration for his 'stoicism and inexplicable poetic power'." (8)

Antonio Herrero book

Herrero, 1920

Arabic name for Ptolemy's Syntaxis, astronomical work

neighborhood in Buenos Aires where the Biblioteca Municipal Miguel Cané (where Borges worked for nine years as a librarian) is located.

Fishburn and Hughes: "A lower-middle-class district not far from the centre of Buenos Aires. Borges worked for nine years in the Biblioteca Miguel Cané in Almagro." (8)

neighborhood in Buenos Aires

Bristol Almanach, published since 1832, focused initially on patent medicines, issued eventually in several languages.

Parodi : "publicado anualmente desde 1831, el Almanaque pintoresco de Bristol fue creado por Cyrenius Bristol, un médico de Nueva Jersey que fabricaba y vendía medicamentos naturales. Una publicación muy popular, de enorme éxito de ventas y difusión continental, en la que, entre muchísimos otros datos, se incluían el momento propicio para siembras y cosechas, el santoral, frases célebres, chistes, fórmulas para evitar la caída del cabello, etc. y también podía encontrarse información sobre eclipses y la posición de los planetas, las fases de la luna, el estado del tiempo y las mareas, los números de la suerte y el horóscopo del año basado en los signos del Zodíaco" (34).

issued annually in the early decades of this century by the Argentine government

Parodi: 1) aparecido en 1901, fue una publicación anual, inicialmente de la editorial Sundt y, a partir de 1931, de la editorial Peuser (bajo el nombre de Almanaque Peuser del Mensajero, con el subtítulo de Anuario estadístico, agrario, ganadero, granjero e industrial) que continuó apareciendo hasta comenzada la segunda mitad del siglo xx. Desde principios del siglo xx y sobre todo durante el Centenario de la Revolución de Mayo, celebrado en 1910, los almanaques de diversa índole fueron un tipo de publicación de amplísima difusión especialmente entre el público porteño y muy estimada tanto por lectores cultos como por los precariamente alfabetizados. La publicación, que había empezado como un folleto de ochenta páginas, hacia 1910 pasaba las 300; era una obra de consulta diaria en el hogar y una guía con variadísima información sobre los principales acontecimientos mundiales del año, el calendario anual de siembra de todas las hortalizas y cereales, datos astronómicos, estadísticas de todos los censos, tarifas, medicina doméstica, calendario de vacunas, movimiento de buques, censos, deportes, recetas de cocina, consejos de jardinería, cuentos, poemas, biografías, manual de ganadería, avicultura, apicultura, moda, acontecimientos sociales y culturales, etc. Además, el Almanaque promovía y estimulaba la colaboración de los lectores, que eran invitados a enviar sus contribuciones (datos de su propia experiencia, comentarios, indicaciones o correcciones sobre lo publicado) para ser incluidas en números sucesivos. El Almanaque es mencionado también en “Amistad” §28.

2) “el Almanaque del Mensajero”: una publicación anual con informaciones misceláneas; cf. Modelo “Prólogo” §1.

Parodi : " publicación oficial del Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería de la Nación, editado por la Dirección de Propaganda y Publicaciones del Ministerio de Agricultura, un repertorio de casi 500 páginas con informaciones agropecuarias. Se publicó entre 1925 y 1955" (167). 

knife-fighter in Borges story

Conrad's first novel, 1895

João Baptista da Silva Leitão de Almeida Garrett, Portuguese writer, 1799-1854

Portuguese nobleman and explorer, c. 1450-1510

Abu-t-Tayyib al-Mutanabbi, Arabic poet, 916-65

in Borges story, mysterious divine man.

Fishburn and Hughes : "Ibn Harun, the eighth Caliph of the Abbasid dynasty, who reigned from 833 to 842. The son of a Turkoman slave, he had a vast number of Turkish slaves himself, whom he used as soldiers and officers. Eventually they overthrew their Abbasid masters.

CF 87:In a footnote to the Thousand and One Nights (1885, vol. 9, 232) Sir Richard Burton writes that Al-Mu'tasim was 'the son of Al-Rashid by Ma'arid, a slave concubine of foreign origin. He was brave and of high spirit, but destitute of education; and his personal strength was such that he could break a man's elbow between his fingers. He imitated the apparatus of Persian kings; and he was called the "Octonary" because he was the eighth Abbasid; the eighth in descent from Abbas; the eighth son of Al-Rashid; he began his reign in A.H. 218; lived 48 years; was born under Scorpio (the eighth Zodiacal sign); was victorious in eight expeditions; slew eight important foes and left eight male and female children.'"(5)

12th century Arabic poet

Palma de Mallorca newspaper, 1887-1953

Lugones poem in Poemas solariegos

Mallorcan poet and journalist who participated in ultraísmo, son of Gabriel Alomar Villalonga

character in Shakespeare's Tempest

Uruguayan gauchesque poet, born in Spain, 1857-1924

Spanish critic and philologist, 1896-1952, worked at the University of Buenos Aires in the Instituto de Filologia

Spanish poet, critic and philologist, 1898-1990

Argentine artist, 1911-1983

Argentine sculptor, 1878-1955, sculptor of the Cristo Redentor de los Andes at the boundary between Chile and Argentina

Mahommed Ben Da'ud, second sultan of the dynasty of Seljuk, in Persia, 1029-1072; the honorific title Alp Arslan means "a valiant lion"

Alps

Ewers novel, 1913

hotel in Paris where Oscar Wilde died

street in Buenos Aires

Argentine politician, 1829-1877

Nietzsche philosophical work, 1883-1891

character in Borges story, identified with Roberto Arlt by Ricardo Piglia

cave in northern Spain near Santander, famous for its prehistoric cave paintings

Marquardt, 1938

Kafka story, "An old manuscript," about a nomad takeover, 1919

Wolfskehl and von der Leyen anthology, 1909

Meyer, 1910

Argentinian writer (1875-1955) 

Icelandic place of assembly

Vries

perhaps the place of this name in the province of San Luis, Argentina

Parodi : “existe una población de este nombre en Colombia” (146).

character in Borges story

old name for Saxony

section of Snorri Sturluson's Snorra Edda translated by Borges and Kodama

Borges poem

Spanish conquistador in Mexico and Central America, 1486-1541.

Fishburn and Hughes: "One of the Spanish conquerors of the Indies who in 1519 joined Cortes's expedition to Mexico. From his red face and blond hair he was named by the Indians Tonatinh, 'the sun'. In 1520 he ordered the destruction of the temple of Tenochtitlán and a ruthless massacre. In Guatemala he was responsible for the burning of the capital in 1524, after which all the Quiché tribes submitted to the Spaniards. He also went to Peru, and died under a horse while marching to the aid of an expedition in the mountains of Nochiztlán." (9)

Spanish explorer and cartographer, 1494-1520

Argentine writer, author of Leonardo da Vinci, su vida y su obra, 1942

Argentine writer, 1858-1903, who used pseudonyms Fray Mocho and Fabio Carrizo; author of Un viaje al país de los matreros, Memorias de un vigilante, Vida de los ladrones celebres de Buenos Aires y sus maneras de robar and other works

Parodi : escritor y periodista argentino, autor de ensayos y cuentos ( Galería de ladrones de la capital , 1887; Memorias de un vigilante , 1897; Viaje al país de los matreros , 1897; La vida de los ladrones célebres de Buenos Aires y sus maneras de robar , 1887; En el Mar Austral o La Australia Argentina , 1898). Dirigió la revista Caras y Caretas, memorable “semanario festivo, literario, artístico y de actualidades”, donde publicó, entre 1898 y 1903, bajo el pseudónimo de Fray Mocho, cuentos y crónicas costumbristas sobre la vida en Buenos Aires a fines del siglo xix, que brindan una excelente reconstrucción literaria del lenguaje popular y callejero de la ciudad. Según Borges y Bioy, el cuento de Seis problemas que mejor plasma en su tono una escritura “ à la Fray Mocho ” es “Limardo” (cf. Borges 699) (33).

Argentine historian, lawyer and judge, 1878-1954, author of Historia de la música argentina

avenue in Buenos Aires

Parodi : 1) "una aristocrática avenida que se extiende por menos de un kilómetro en los barrios de Recoleta y Retiro" (430).

2) “alusión a la sede de la Secretaría de Cultura de la Nación, ubicada desde 1960 en el Palacio Casey, construido hacia el año 1889 en la intersección de la Avenida Alvear y la calle Rodríguez Peña, en el barrio de Recoleta” (435).

chic hotel on the Avenida Alvear in Buenos Aires

Parodi : ”el Alvear Palace Hotel, el más suntuoso del Buenos Aires de entonces; un edificio inaugurado en 1932, inspirado en el estilo de los hoteles Ritz de París y de Londres, lujosamente amueblado y decorado, está ubicado en el barrio de Recoleta, en Ayacucho y Alvear” (217).

niece and lover of Marcelo T. de Alvear, b. 1902, sister of Elvira de Alvear

Argentine general and political figure, 1789-1853.

Fishburn and Hughes: "An Argentine public figure and military leader. Alvear was in charge of the criollo revolutionary forces who in 1814 defeated the Spanish in Montevideo, replacing Spanish colonial rule with porteño domination. He schemed unsuccessfully with several caudillos of the eastern provinces against the Unitarian government of Buenos Aires and was exiled to Uruguay. During the war with Brazil Alvear was recalled and placed at the head of the Republican army, in charge of some 5,500 soldiers and some of the greatest military leaders of Argentina, such as Paz, Lavalle and Olavarría. In 1827 he achieved a brilliant victory at Ituzaingó, defeating the Brazilian Imperial army and bringing the war to an end. He died in the USA where he was representing Rosas's government." (9)

Argentine poet and patron of the arts, 1907-1959, author of Reposo, 1934, and publisher of the periodical Imán, edited in Paris by Alejo Carpentier

Argentine politician, president from 1922 to 1928

the Lay of Allwise, early Icelandic poem about Thor, a maiden and a dwarf

the housekeeper, minor character in Don Quijote

Argentine historian, author of prologue to Lugones's posthumous book on Roca and of Vidas argentinas

Spanish or Portuguese chivalric novel, 1508

hero of one of the earliest and most influential chivalric novels

Brazilian novelist, 1912-2001

Mármol romantic and political novel, 1851

name of compadrito in the poem “El compadre”

Silvina Ocampo, poetry, 1972.

Yellow Sea or Huang Hai in China

character in Borges story

Fishburn and Hughes : "There are three references to characters with this surname: Eliseo Amaro, mentioned in Unworthy, and Juan Francisco, said to be a doctor living in Paysandú, in The Cult of the Phoenix and The Other Death." (9)

doctor in Paysandu, Uruguay

Carriego poem in Las misas herejes

Amazon river and surrounding region

courtesan in Buddhist legend

James novel, 1903

Spanish name for Antwerp, Belgium

St. Ambrose, bishop of Milan and Church father, 340-397, author of the Hexameron

Bloy, 1912

Argentine paleontologist, 1854-1911

Parodi : Florentino Ameghino (1854-1911) fue un paleontólogo argentino que en su obra La antigüedad del hombre en el Plata (1881) sostuvo la teoría de que el hombre y los mamíferos eran originarios de las pampas argentinas ( Homo pampeanus ), un hábitat donde habían convivido durante el Pleistoceno y de donde habían partido las migraciones que poblaron el planeta. Ameghino presentó su teoría en 1879, en París, en el primer Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, provocando una polémica con los especialistas que postulaban la teoría del poblamiento a través del estrecho de Bering. La frase “el gliptodonte de Ameghino” alude en este pasaje al hecho de que Ameghino fue quien descubrió el primer gliptodonte de la región, exhibido en el Museo de La Plata, e impulsó los estudios sobre este fósil. Por otra parte., en 1881 Ameghino abrió una librería en la calle Rivadavia 2300, a pocas cuadras de la Plaza Once (cf. “Limardo” i §11), a la que bautizó “El gliptodonte” (421).

Egyptian pharaoh, perhaps Amenenope

Akhenaton, Egyptian pharaoh and religious reformer, ruled 1370-50.

Fishburn and Hughes: "An Egyptian Pharaoh and religious reformer who introduced the monotheistic cult of Aton, the sun disc. Aton took the place of all other divinities. His worship was free of all moral codes and of the austerity demanded by former Egyptian cults. Amenophis's liberal reform of religious expression did not survive him long." (9)

the Americas, the New World

United States of America, sometimes Estados Unidos

Norteamérica, North America, often used to refer to the United States

South America

Spanish America

Latin America

Anthology of hispanoamerican poetry (1846).

Van Wyck Brooks study, 1915

Ferber novel, 1931

A yearbook of US literature, 1927, edited by Van Wyck Brooks, Lewis Mumford and others

Ellery Queen novel

Mencken study of English in the United States, 1921

magazine founded by H. L. Mencken in 1924

Emerson speech to Phi Beta Kappa, 1837

Sandburg collection of ballads and folk songs, 1927

Dreiser novel, 1925

James novel, 1877

Nashville newspaper published from 1848 to 1910.

Fishburn and Hughes: "A daily paper, first issued in 1848, known as the Nashville American. As it ceased publication in 1910, there would not have been a reporter researching for it in 1944." (10)

term referring to the continents of the New World

Der Verschollene, unfinished Kafka novel, written 1911-14, published posthumously by Max Brod (who gave it its title) in 1927

French term for America, in its various meanings

city in Massachusetts

Argentine writer or artist

Italian novelist and writer of travel books, 1846-1908, author of De los Apeninos a los Andes

Swiss philosopher and critic, 1821-81

cathedral city in France

tertulia associated with Azorín and Alfonso Reyes

Parodi : en este salón se habría realizado la primera exposición de la obra de Garay. La Galería van Riel fue la primera construida para exposiciones de arte en la Argentina. Fue creada por Frans van Riel (1879 - 1950), nacido en Roma, que llegó a Buenos Aires en 1906 para trabajar como escenógrafo teatral. Colaboró como dibujante en el diario La Prensa , abrió un salón de fotografía en Viamonte y Florida, pintó cuadros sobre temas históricos argentinos. En 1924 fundó la Galería van Riel en la calle Florida 659, lugar en que funcionó hasta 1980. Contaba con cuatro amplias salas de exposiciones y una sala teatral; llegó a ser un importante centro cultural al que concurrían asiduamente escritores, pintores y artistas plásticos. En ese local se instaló la Asociación Amigos del Arte (1924 - 1942), institución memorable por las exposiciones, las conferencias y los conciertos, y por las representaciones realizadas en la sala del teatro. El local de la calle Florida sigue siendo sede de la Asociación Argentina de Críticos de Arte. En 1980, los descendientes de Frans van Riel trasladaron su galería de arte a la calle Talcahuano (305). 

novel by Ricardo Sáenz Hayes, 1927

British writer, 1922-95

name for Gautama Buddha meaning "Infinite Light"

Icelandic saga about Hamlet

Marcellinus Ammianus, Roman historian, c.325-c.391, author of Rerum Gestarum

Libyan serpent, according to Lucan

Egyptian god

god of love

Camilo Castelo Branco novel, 1862

Spanish-language compilation of Schopenhauer essays on love and women,

Uruguayan novelist and short-story writer, 1900-1960, married to Borges's cousin Esther Haedo.

Fishburn and Hughes: "An Uruguayan novelist related to Borges by marriage. He spent many years in Buenos Aires and formed part of the socially committed school of writers known as the Boedo Group. Borges considered his novel El Paisano Aguilar (1934) a closer description of gaucho life than Guïraldes's more famous Don Segundo Sombra. In 1934 Borges visited Amorim's home in Salto. See Sant'Anna." (10)

Lenormand play, 1926

Collection of short stories by Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, 1886. 

mosque in Cairo, founded c. 642.

Fishburn and Hughes: "The oldest mosque in Cairo, and the first in Africa, founded in 641/2, immediately after the Muslim conquest of Egypt. Amr has been the subject of countless legends and superstitions." (10)

city in Punjab State in India, site of the Golden Temple of the Sikhs.

Fishburn and Hughes: "An Indian city founded in the sixteenth century, the capital of the Amritsar district in west Punjab and the religious centre of the Sikhs. The 'disturbances in a Muslim city' refer to the episode in 1919 when 379 of Gandhi's followers were killed and 1200 wounded by British troops in Amritsar." (10)

capital city of the Netherlands

French writer and translator, 1513-1593

poetry anthology edited by Johannes Becher, 1916

Work by American writer Thomas Bailey Aldrich (1836-1907) published in 1893.

Anacreon, Greek lyric poet, 560-478

Swinburne poem after Sappho

Nahuatl name for the Valley of Mexico

Luís de Sousa book of annals of the Portuguese king, 1628

Lappenberg, 1894

the Lun Yu, a collection of maxims and stories of Confucius

Tacitus's Annales on the history of the Roman empire to 66 A.D.

magazine edited by Borges from 1946 to 1948

Parodi : Anales de Buenos Aires fue una revista mensual de cultura publicada por una institución cultural del mismo nombre inspirada en el Journal de l'Université des Annales de París. De la revista aparecieron 23 números, editados entre enero de 1946 y diciembre de 1948; Borges la dirigió a partir del número 3. En esta revista, Borges publicó algunos de sus propios cuentos, ensayos y reseñas (“El Zahir”, “La casa de Asterión”, “Los teólogos”, “Sobre Oscar Wilde”, “El primer Wells”, “Nota sobre Walt Whitman”, “Nota sobre el Ulises en español”, “La paradoja de Apollinaire”, “Nota sobre Chesterton”, y otros). A partir del momento en que Borges asume la dirección, se publican en los Anales textos escritos en colaboración con Bioy y firmados con el pseudónimo de B. Lynch Davis (cf. infra §4). Los mismos textos habían aparecido en la revista Destiempo (cf. infra §8), entre 1936 y 1937, en la sección Museo , un espacio que reunía textos de autores variados −y también de Borges, pero atribuidos a otros autores−. Bustos Domecq afirma que, entre 1924 y 1929, Lambkin Formento publicó sus “notículas” en los Anales . Borges y Bioy aprovecharon el doble sentido de la palabra ‘anales’ −como sustantivo y como adjetivo− para ubicar los textos de Lambkin en las páginas ‘traseras’ de la revista. Sobre el número 3 de los Anales , cf. infra §4 (269-70).

magazine edited by Groussac, 1900-1915

Argentine periodical founded in the nineteenth century

Text by Eduardo Acevedo

Cattaneo

Russell philosophical work, 1921.

Fishburn and Hughes: "A book by Bertrand Russell examining the workings of the human mind as deduced from our experience of the physical world. The theory that 'the past has no reality other than its present memory' is posited in chapter 9 as part of a wider discussion of the relation between memory and knowledge. In order to illustrate the difference between past sensation and present image, Russell points out that a memory-belief happens in the present, and not in the past to which the belief is said to refer. Extending his argument, he proposes that there is no logical necessity that a memory-belief be based upon a real past event, or even 'that the past should have existed at all'. His exact words at page 159 are: 'There is no logical impossibility that the world sprang into being five minutes ago, exactly as it was, with a population that "remembered" a wholly unreal past.' This statement, however, is qualified on the next page, where he asserts that he did not intend his suggestion of the non-existence of the past as a serious hypothesis but was using its logical tenability as a help in the analysis of what occurs when we remember: 'Like all sceptical hypotheses, it is logically tenable but uninteresting.' (Lönnrot in ‘La muerte y la brújula’ says something similar of his rival’s explanation: ‘Posible, pero no interesante’)." (10)

Gomensoro poem

Buddha's cousin

Hindu manual of love

epithet applied to Mussolini

Mujica Láinez biography of Estanislao del Campo

character in Estanislao del Campo's Fausto

pseud. of Estanislao del Campo

Camilo Castelo Branco novel, 1854

Torres Villaroel, 1751

Burton medical treatise and centon, 1621.

Fishburn and Hughes: "A treatise by Robert Burton published in 1621. Its three parts deal with the definition, causes, symptoms and properties of melancholy; its cure; and the melancholy of love and of religion. Burton argues that, though people can escape melancholy by being companionable and active, it is congenital in the human condition. In spite of its medical tone, the work addresses itself to wider issues, including contemporary politics. The overall message seems to be an ironic statement of the ineffectualness of man. The book abounds in quotations from the bible, the classics and Church literature; on this point Borges has remarked that those works which like The Anatomy of Melancholy are not entirely the writer's own creation, but a patchwork of references to other texts, are, paradoxically, perhaps the most personal, since 'we are the past' ( Obras completas en colaboración 977).

CF 74: the quotation which serves as epigraph stems from the chapter 'Exercises Rectified of Body and Mind', describing the various physical and mental activities which help to overcome melancholy. Of these, study is considered the most effective. Particularly recommended are the memorising of texts, the demonstration of geometrical propositions, and algebra, 'an excellent and pleasant discipline' which allows us to envisage the whole from the part, ex ungue leonem. The quotation in full reads: 'By this art you may contemplate the variation of the twenty-three letters, which may be so infinitely varied, that the words complicated and deduced thence will not be contained within the compass of the firmament; ten words may be varied 40,320 several ways.' " (11)

Donne elegy on Elizabeth Drury, also called "The First Anniversary," 1611

Machen, 1884

Greek philosopher, c.500-c.428

Bertrand Russell, 1935, here called The Genealogy of Fascism

Russell, 1935

street in Buenos Aires

Coleridge poem, 1798.

Fishburn and Hughes: "A narrative poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) which tells of a haunted ship pursued by disaster and death after a mariner kills an albatross. Borges showed considerable interest in Coleridge's creative process and wrote two essays on him (TL 240 and 369), claiming that the same creative vision can be evolved by different artists across the centuries." (11)

river in France that passes through Albert and flows into the Somme at Amiens.

Fishburn and Hughes: "A river in North Western France; it flows near Albert into the Somme. Site of the Battle of the Ancre (November 13-18, 1916), which was part of the Battle of the Somme." (11)

Work by English writer and caricaturist Max Beerbohm (1872-1956) first published in 1920.

verse from Marlowe's Tamburlaine

lines by Romeo in Romeo and Juliet (V.3.111-12)

region of southern Spain.

Maples Arce book of poems, 1922

British medievalist, author of The Literature of the Anglo-Saxons, 1949, and of The Legend of the Wandering Jew, 1965, as well as of studies of Old English grammar

US writer, 1876-1941, author of Winesburg, Ohio and other works

highest mountains in South America, sometimes called the Cordillera

street in Buenos Aires

Portuguese writer, author of Viajen na Hespanha, 1903

Portuguese poet, historian and priest, 1597-1657

Argentine romantic poet and journalist, 1841-82.

German poet and theologian, founder of Rosicrucianism, 1586-1654, supposed author of Allgemeine und General-Reformation der ganzen weiten Welt and Fama Fraternitatis, wrote under pseudonyms of Christian Rosencrutz, Menippus and Florentinus de Valentia.

Fishburn and Hughes: "CF 29: A German poet, satirist and theologian who was converted to the Lutheran Church and composed a number of interpretative and didactic works on religion, in Latin and German. Andreä wrote also under the pseudonyms Christian Rosencrutz, Menippus and Florentinus de Valentia. De Quincey ( Collected Writings , vol. 13, 405-10) alleged that Andreä was the anonymous author of the basic books of Rosicrucianism. According to him Andreä conceived this secret society in an attempt to reform the German people, whom he considered corrupt and evil. He envisaged a body of noble and learned men acting under the direction of a 'most enlightened one', bent on redressing public morality. To attract proselytes, he emphasised that the society was the repository of oriental mysteries and that it had already lasted for two centuries - one reason why he did not claim authorship of the texts. There are strong parallels between the story of Rosicrucianism and the imaginary society of 'Tlönistas': both can be seen as creating 'hrönir', ideal objects which are gradually embodied and become accepted and absorbed into our material world." (11)

character in Gracián's El criticón

Italian literary critic, 1823-91, author of La Divina Commedia di Dante Aleghieri, and various studies of Italian popular poetry, dialects, etc.

Fishburn and Hughes: "An Italian lawyer, disbarred for his liberal views. He is best remembered for his commentaries on the Divine Comedy, first published in 1856, which were reprinted many times and used extensively as school texts." (12)

character in a poem in Don Quijote

author of New Numbers, 1935, on duodecimal arithmetic, as well as of works on corporate giving and philanthropy

Herodotus's name for the Egyptian sphinxes

George Bernard Shaw play

Andromache, Greek mythological figure

princess of Ethiopia in Greek mythology

Excerpt from The Note-books of Samuel Butler (1917).

Russian geologist and paleontologist, 1861-1924, here mentioned for his studies of hydrography

dwarf in Scandinavian myth, forced by Loki to make a magic ring

fish in Egyptian mythology

mythical two-headed serpent

site of a battle in 1841 between Mariano Acha and Aldao

guardian angel

Lugones novel, 1926

Meyrink novel, 1927

angels of various kinds

character in Ariosto and Boiardo poems, beloved of Orlando

Barahona de Soto's continuation of the Orlando furioso, 1586

tale from Francisco Espínola´s book Raza ciega

region of northern Germany on the Danish border

Machen story about guardian angels protecting British soldiers in the Battle of Mons

pseud. of Johannes Scheffler, German mystic poet, 1624-77, author of Cherubinischer Wandersmann, 1657

character in Bustos Domecq stories

Parodi : ficticio poeta, porteño igual que Montenegro. Su trayectoria poética −trazada por José Formento en Itinerario de Carlos Anglada (trayectoria de un lírico) − atraviesa varias etapas, desde el modernismo a la devoción por el futurismo de Marinetti. Sus supuestas obras: Las pagodas seniles ; Yo soy los otros ; Veo y meo ; El carnet de un gaucho ; Himnos para millonarios ; Antifonario de los panes y los peces ; Carillas del Buzo, impresas bajo los cuidados del Minotauro ; Carne de salón ; Espíritu de salón ; Palabras a Pegaso ; En el principio fue el coche pullman y cuatro números de la revista Cero . Habría publicado además una serie de artículos en L’Officiel y un “Llamado a las Juventudes Agrarias”. Combinó la creación literaria con la actividad editorial: Probeta, la supuesta editorial por él fundada, editó varias de sus obras y se vio envuelta en escándalos por estafa; una situación similar se esboza en “Vestuario I”, cuando Anglada aparece actuando como Presidente de la Comisión Pro Estatua de Bradford en la ex Rambla de Madera de Necochea. Es mencionado también en “Hijo” II (64-65).